Study. com NCCRSLearner Outcomes Upon successful completion of the course, students will be able to explore the field of gerontology and the definitions of age examine psychological and psycho social theories and models of aging, stereotypes associated with older adults, and demographics of the aging population go through a basic introduction to personality delve into the five factor model of dispositional traits survey and compare Neugartens personality styles, Eriksons stages of identity formation, Jungs personality theories, Levinsons stages of adult development, and Freuds psychoanalytic theory look at common physical, psychological, and emotional changes occurring in late adulthood identify fitness concerns, factors influencing longevity, and causes of disability, morbidity, and mortality explore health treatment options, medications, and costs identify differences between disease and aging, and note the trends related to health and illness examine the parts of the brain and note the age related changes occurring in the brains autonomic nervous system, neurons, and neurotransmitters learn how these changes affect emotional and cognitive processing and discover ways exercise benefits the brain compare the STAC and HAROLD models of activation go over bilateral activation and dopaminergic system changes get an overview of how aging affects the hair, skin, and voice study skin layers, muscle tissue, and muscle function before examining the extent to which mobility and build change with age analyze the functions of both the major skeletal muscle and the skeletal system see how physical changes to personal appearance affect self concepts explore changes to sleep patterns and physical appearance during late adulthood begin with an overview of the sensory system and work through the lessons to discover the effects of aging on vision, hearing, taste, smell, and balance explore changes in motor and sensory skills review other changes to perception and sensation go over functions of the human circulatory and cardiovascular systems and discover how they change with age examine common heart conditions and respiratory diseases Identify the anatomy of the lungs and airway, as well as the functional changes to the respiratory system caused by aging review anatomy of the endocrine system and the male and female reproductive systems study the effects of aging on each system learn about common chronic health conditions among older adults and find out how they can be managed identify the influences of family history, genetics, socioeconomic issues, diet, exercise, substance abuse, stress, and sleep on chronic health conditions research the ways in which attention, long term memory, implicit and explicit memory, and working memory are affected by the aging process examine such topics as recall versus recognition, how aging changes memories, and the factors impacting memory define cognition and then compare Piagets stages of cognitive development to the changes that occur in late adulthood learn how aging changes language acquisition, problem solving, and information processing investigate methods for defining, testing, and researching intelligence explore intelligence types and the development of primary and secondary mental abilities learn the definition of wisdom and explore its relation to life experience survey approaches to psychopathology and mental illness alongside various classifications, approaches, and models to lifespan development disorders identify factors contributing to life satisfaction among older adults sort through causes and treatments for generalized anxiety and panic disorders, specific phobias, social phobias, obsessive compulsive disorder, and trauma related disorders analyze causes of substance disorders and dependence on various depressants, stimulants, and hallucinogens, including alcohol, amphetamines, and cannabis discover the various approaches to treating substance related disorders consider the causes and treatment techniques for cognitive disorders, including dementia and Alzheimers disease study additional late in life disorders, including depression, stress, and anxiety survey stress, mood, and depressive disorders examine causes and treatment for mood disorders explore current theories on stress disorders and go over positive psychology learn characteristics of such therapies as individual, group, biological, life review, and pet therapies investigate the effectiveness of various treatment techniques designed for older populations, including sensory training, reality orientation, and remotivation discover the family relationships, friendships, and love relationships that develop in adulthood identify issues surrounding marriage, divorce, cohabitation, remarriage, restructured families, and widowhood examine stages of parenting and grandparenting establish aspects associated with abusive relationships, including neglect, elder abuse, and exploitation review the psychological impact of caring for aging parents review factors contributing to occupational choice discover how age affects occupational choice and explore causes of job satisfaction and dissatisfaction among older workers go over Supers stages of occupational development inspect such concepts as age diversity, stereotypes, and discrimination learn how work and leisure time relate to achievement in late adulthood examine factors affecting retirement, the social context of aging, and the challenges of ageism study the stages of dying and bereavement, the history of hospice care, and the concept of dying with dignity and explore end of life issues and the reaction to death across the life span. Activity coefficient Wikipedia. An activity coefficient is a factor used in thermodynamics to account for deviations from ideal behaviour in a mixture of chemical substances. In an ideal mixture, the microscopic interactions between each pair of chemical species are the same or macroscopically equivalent, the enthalpy change of solution and volume variation in mixing is zero and, as a result, properties of the mixtures can be expressed directly in terms of simple concentrations or partial pressures of the substances present e. Raoults law. Deviations from ideality are accommodated by modifying the concentration by an activity coefficient. Analogously, expressions involving gases can be adjusted for non ideality by scaling partial pressures by a fugacity coefficient. Chapter 10 Respiratory System STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION. Morton Lippmann. The respiratory system extends from the breathing zone just outside of the nose and mouth. Study Chemistry 166 Chemistry and Chemical Reactivity 8th Edition. Kristen T. This study guide deals with the application of thermodynamics to the description of the properties of materials. An activity coefficient is a factor used in thermodynamics to account for deviations from ideal behaviour in a mixture of chemical substances. In an ideal mixture. CE 201 Earth Materials and Processes 2034 Earth Materials Structure of Solid Earth, Rock cycle, Common rock forming minerals, Types of rocks and its. The concept of activity coefficient is closely linked to that of activity in chemistry. Thermodynamic definitioneditThe chemical potential, B, of a substance B in an ideal mixture of liquids or an ideal solution is given byBBRTlnx. Might And Magic 6 Mandate Of Heaven Download Free. Bdisplaystyle mu mathrm B mu mathrm B ominus RTln xmathrm B ,where o. Modified Raoult S Law Activity Coefficient Equation' title='Modified Raoult S Law Activity Coefficient Equation' />B is the chemical potential of a pure substance Bdisplaystyle mathrm B and x. B is the mole fraction of the substance in the mixture. This is generalised to include non ideal behavior by writingBBRTlna. Bdisplaystyle mu mathrm B mu mathrm B ominus RTln amathrm B ,when a. Raoults law r u l z law is a law of thermodynamics established by French chemist FranoisMarie Raoult in 1887. It states that the partial vapor. Reviews. models of sorption isotherms for food uses and limitations. Bubble Point and Dew Point with Raoults Law Key concept. When calculating either a bubble point or a dew point, one quantity is key, and this is the overall. Modified Raoult S Law Activity Coefficient Equation' title='Modified Raoult S Law Activity Coefficient Equation' />B is the activity of the substance in the mixture witha. Bx. BBdisplaystyle amathrm B xmathrm B gamma mathrm B where B is the activity coefficient, which may itself depend on x. B. As B approaches 1, the substance behaves as if it were ideal. For instance, if B  1, then Raoults law is accurate. For B  1 and B lt 1, substance B shows positive and negative deviation from Raoults law, respectively. A positive deviation implies that substance B is more volatile. In many cases, as x. B goes to zero, the activity coefficient of substance B approaches a constant this relationship is Henrys law for the solvent. These relationships are related to each other through the GibbsDuhem equation. Note that in general activity coefficients are dimensionless. In detail Raoults law states that the partial pressure of component B is related to its vapor pressure saturation pressure and its mole fraction x. B in the liquid phase,p. Bx. BBp. B,displaystyle pmathrm B xmathrm B gamma mathrm B pmathrm B sigma ,with the convention limx. B1B1. displaystyle lim xmathrm B to 1gamma mathrm B 1. In other words Pure liquids represent the ideal case. At infinite dilution, the activity coefficient approaches its limiting value, B. Comparison with Henrys law,p. BKH,Bx. Bforx. B0,displaystyle pmathrm B Kmathrm H,B xmathrm B quad textforquad xmathrm B to 0 ,immediately gives. KH,Bp. BB. displaystyle Kmathrm H,B pmathrm B sigma gamma mathrm B infty. In other words The compound shows nonideal behavior in the dilute case. The above definition of the activity coefficient is impractical if the compound does not exist as a pure liquid. This is often the case for electrolytes or biochemical compounds. In such cases, a different definition is used that considers infinite dilution as the ideal state BBBdisplaystyle gamma mathrm B dagger equiv gamma mathrm B gamma mathrm B infty with limx. B0B1,displaystyle lim xmathrm B to 0gamma mathrm B dagger 1, andBBRTlnBBRTlnx. BBdisplaystyle mu mathrm B underbrace mu mathrm B ominus RTln gamma mathrm B infty mu mathrm B ominus dagger RTlnxmathrm B gamma mathrm B dagger The displaystyle dagger symbol has been used here to dinstinguish between the two kinds of activity coefficients. Usually it is omitted, as it is clear from the context which kind is meant. But there are cases where both kinds of activity coefficients are needed and may even appear in the same equation, e. This is sometimes a source of errors. Modifying mole fractions or concentrations by activity coefficients gives the effective activities of the components, and hence allows expressions such as Raoults law and equilibrium constants to be applied to both ideal and non ideal mixtures. Knowledge of activity coefficients is particularly important in the context of electrochemistry since the behaviour of electrolyte solutions is often far from ideal, due to the effects of the ionic atmosphere. Additionally, they are particularly important in the context of soil chemistry due to the low volumes of solvent and, consequently, the high concentration of electrolytes. Ionic solutionseditFor solution of substances which ionize in solution the activity coefficients of the cation and anion cannot be experimentally determined independently of each other because solution properties depend on both ions. Single ion activity coefficients must be linked to the activity coefficient of the dissolved electrolyte as if undissociated. In this case a mean stoichiometric activity coefficient of the dissolved electrolyte, is used. It is called stoichiometric because it expresses both the deviation from the ideality of the solution and the incomplete ionic dissociation of the ionic compound which occurs especially with the increase of its concentration. For a 1 1 electrolyte, such as Na. Cl it is given by the following displaystyle gamma pm sqrt gamma gamma where and are the activity coefficients of the cation and anion respectively. More generally, the mean activity coefficient of a compound of formula Ap. Bq is given by4ApBqpqdisplaystyle gamma pm sqrtpqgamma mathrm A pgamma mathrm B qSingle ion activity coefficients can be calculated theoretically, for example by using the DebyeHckel equation. The theoretical equation can be tested by combining the calculated single ion activity coefficients to give mean values which can be compared to experimental values. The prevailing view that single ion activity coefficients are unmeasurable independently, or perhaps even physically meaningless, has its roots in the work of Guggenheim in the late 1. However, chemists have never been able to give up the idea of single ion activities, and by implication single ion activity coefficients. For example, p. H is defined as the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion activity. If the prevailing view on the physical meaning and measurability of single ion activities is correct then defining p. H as the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion activity places the quantity squarely in the unmeasurable category. Recognizing this logical difficulty, International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry IUPAC states that the activity based definition of p.